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1.
Braz. j. biol ; 78(2): 224-232, May-Aug. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-888863

ABSTRACT

Abstract Recent studies indicate that rice fields contribute to the conservation of aquatic plants, however, repeated cultivation can reduce the species diversity harbored by rice fields. Repeated tillage, agrochemical application and environmental homogeneity can reduce plant diversity and select for species more tolerant to disturbance. Our hypotheses were: 1) macrophyte richness and biomass decrease with increased rice crop age; and 2) macrophyte species of rice fields are a subsample of natural wetlands and species loss will increase with crop age. We investigated three rice fields of each different ages (old, intermediate and new ones) and three natural intermittent wetlands for this study. Each area was sampled four times throughout the rice cultivation cycle (off-season, initial growth, final growth and post-harvest). Our results showed that the mean macrophyte richness and biomass were similar between rice fields of different ages and lower than that of natural wetlands. Although species composition in the different-aged rice fields was not markedly different, there was nestedness in the rice fields as age increased. In this study, we verified that macrophyte richness and biomass in rice fields was lower than natural wetlands and the species composition was different among wetland types (rice fields and natural wetlands), however our hypothesis that species richness and biomass will decrease with crop age was not confirmed. All rice crops had similar macrophyte assemblage structure (richness, biomass and species composition). However, the another hypothesis tested was confirmed, macrophyte assemblage of rice fields is a subset of natural wetlands and as, the age of a rice field increases, the species that occur in older rice field are subsets of species that occur in younger ones.


Resumo Estudos recentes indicam que arrozais contribuem para a conservação de plantas aquáticas, entretanto cultivos repetidos podem reduzir a diversidade de espécies nos arrozais. Cultivos repetidos, aplicação de agrotóxicos e homogeneização ambiental podem reduzir a diversidade de plantas e selecionar espécies mais tolerantes a perturbações. Nossas hipóteses foram: 1) a riqueza e a biomassa de macrófitas reduzem com o aumento do tempo de cultivo dos arrozais; e 2) as espécies de macrófitas aquáticas dos arrozais são subamostras das áreas úmidas naturais e a perda de espécies aumentará com o tempo de cultivo. Nós investigamos três arrozais de cada uma das diferentes idades (antigos, intermediários e novos) e três áreas úmidas naturais temporárias. Cada área foi amostrada quatro vezes ao longo do ciclo de cultivo (resteva, crescimento inicial, crescimento final e pós-colheita). Nossos resultados indicaram que a riqueza e a biomassa média de macrófitas foram similares entre os arrozais de diferentes idades e menor do que nas áreas úmidas naturais. Embora a composição de espécies nos arrozais de diferentes idades não tenha sido marcadamente diferente, houve aninhamento nos arrozais e este aumentou com tempo de cultivo do arrozal. Neste estudo, nós verificamos que a riqueza e biomassa de macrófitas nos arrozais eram menores que nas áreas úmidas naturais e a composição de espécies era diferente entre os tipos de áreas úmidas (arrozais e áreas úmidas naturais), entretanto nossa hipótese de que a riqueza e a biomassa de macrófitas diminuiriam com a idade do cultivo não foi confirmada. Todos os arrozais foram similares quanto à estrutura da assembleia de macrófitas (riqueza, biomassa e composição de espécies). No entanto, a outra hipótese testada foi confirmada, a assembleia de macrófitas dos arrozais é um subconjunto das áreas úmidas naturais e, conforme aumenta a idade do arrozal, as espécies que ocorrem nos arrozais mais antigos são subconjuntos das espécies que ocorrem nos mais jovens.


Subject(s)
Oryza/physiology , Ecosystem , Biomass , Wetlands , Plants , Agriculture , Aquatic Organisms
2.
Medwave ; 18(2): e7200, 2018.
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-912112

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: Paraguay es un país bilingüe, y el conocimiento del idioma guaraní constituye una herramienta importante de comunicación en la relación médico-paciente. OBJETIVO: Dar cuenta del grado y los factores que determinan el conocimiento del idioma guaraní, en estudiantes de medicina de último año en un hospital universitario de Paraguay. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, transversal y analítico. En él se aplicó una encuesta anónima con cuestionario a los alumnos de último año de medicina de un hospital universitario de Paraguay. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de las características basales de los estudiantes de medicina y de su grado de conocimiento del idioma guaraní. Se efectuó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado para comparar variables categóricas, y se aplicó un estudio de regresión logística para determinar factores que determinan el grado de conocimiento del idioma. RESULTADOS: Fueron encuestados 264 estudiantes. El 82% provenía de la capital, 72% realizó sus estudios preuniversitarios en Asunción. El 92% estudió guaraní en la educación primaria y secundaria; 67,9% no lo interpreta correctamente. El 8,5% entienden y se expresan totalmente en guaraní; de ellos el 86% refirió que su mayor aprendizaje del idioma fue en el hogar familiar. El 75,2% de los encuestados consideró que la educación primaria y secundaria no ayudó en el aprendizaje. El grado de conocimiento del idioma (habla y entiende el idioma guaraní correctamente), varía si el estudiante proviene del interior o de la capital (31,25% versus 2,5%; OR ajustado: 0,24, intervalo de confianza 95% de 0,06 a 0,92; p=0,003); y según la localidad de la escuela primaria y secundaria: interior versus capital (25,6 y 1% respectivamente; OR ajustado: 0,08; intervalo de confianza 95% de 0,01 a 0,53; p=0,009). CONCLUSIONES: El grado de conocimiento de los estudiantes del guaraní es menor, comparado con población general. Los que mejor se expresan y comprenden el idioma, nacieron o lo estudiaron en el interior del país. La mayoría considera de poco aporte la educación primaria y secundaria para el aprendizaje del guaraní. Siendo el idioma una herramienta importante de comunicación en la relación médico­paciente, y sabiendo que el guaraní es el idioma más hablado del país; se deberían implementar estrategias para su aprendizaje.


INTRODUCTION: Paraguay is a bilingual country and knowledge of the guarani language is an important communication tool for the doctor- patient relationship. OBJECTIVE: To determine the degree of and the factors that influence the knowledge of the Guaraní language in medical students at a University Hospital in Paraguay METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional, analytical study in which an anonymous questionnaire was applied to the final year medical students of a University Hospital of Paraguay. The baseline characteristics of the medical students and their degree of knowledge of the Guarani language were described. The association between the characteristics of the students and the degree of knowledge of the Guarani language was evaluated with the Chi square association test and the logistic regression model. RESULTS: We included 264 students in the survey. Eighty two percent come from the capital, 72% made their pre-university studies in the capital; 92% studied Guaraní in primary and secondary education; 67.9% do not interpret Guarani correctly; 8.5% understand and express themselves totally in Guaraní. Of these, 86% refer to have the greater learning of the language in their home; 75.2% of respondents believe that primary and secondary education did not help in learning the language. The degree of knowledge of the language (speaks and understands the Guarani language correctly) varies according to: the origin of the student, the inland regions or the capital (31.25% vs. 2.5%, adjusted OR = 0.24, 95% confidence interval: 0.06 to 0.92, p = 0.003); the location of primary and secondary school: inland versus capital (25.6% vs. 1%, adjusted OR: 0.08, 95% confidence interval: 0.01 to 0.53, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: The degree of knowledge of the Guaraní language of the students is lower compared to the general population; those who best understand and express themselves were born or studied in the interior of the country. The majority considers that primary and secondary education contribute little in the learning of Guaraní. Since language is an important communication tool in the patient-doctor relationship and knowing that Guarani is the most spoken language in the country, strategies for its learning should be implemented.


Subject(s)
Humans , Students, Medical/statistics & numerical data , Communication , Multilingualism , Language , Paraguay , Physician-Patient Relations , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Communication Barriers , Knowledge , Hospitals, University
3.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1467082

ABSTRACT

Abstract Recent studies indicate that rice fields contribute to the conservation of aquatic plants, however, repeated cultivation can reduce the species diversity harbored by rice fields. Repeated tillage, agrochemical application and environmental homogeneity can reduce plant diversity and select for species more tolerant to disturbance. Our hypotheses were: 1) macrophyte richness and biomass decrease with increased rice crop age; and 2) macrophyte species of rice fields are a subsample of natural wetlands and species loss will increase with crop age. We investigated three rice fields of each different ages (old, intermediate and new ones) and three natural intermittent wetlands for this study. Each area was sampled four times throughout the rice cultivation cycle (off-season, initial growth, final growth and post-harvest). Our results showed that the mean macrophyte richness and biomass were similar between rice fields of different ages and lower than that of natural wetlands. Although species composition in the different-aged rice fields was not markedly different, there was nestedness in the rice fields as age increased. In this study, we verified that macrophyte richness and biomass in rice fields was lower than natural wetlands and the species composition was different among wetland types (rice fields and natural wetlands), however our hypothesis that species richness and biomass will decrease with crop age was not confirmed. All rice crops had similar macrophyte assemblage structure (richness, biomass and species composition). However, the another hypothesis tested was confirmed, macrophyte assemblage of rice fields is a subset of natural wetlands and as, the age of a rice field increases, the species that occur in older rice field are subsets of species that occur in younger ones.


Resumo Estudos recentes indicam que arrozais contribuem para a conservação de plantas aquáticas, entretanto cultivos repetidos podem reduzir a diversidade de espécies nos arrozais. Cultivos repetidos, aplicação de agrotóxicos e homogeneização ambiental podem reduzir a diversidade de plantas e selecionar espécies mais tolerantes a perturbações. Nossas hipóteses foram: 1) a riqueza e a biomassa de macrófitas reduzem com o aumento do tempo de cultivo dos arrozais; e 2) as espécies de macrófitas aquáticas dos arrozais são subamostras das áreas úmidas naturais e a perda de espécies aumentará com o tempo de cultivo. Nós investigamos três arrozais de cada uma das diferentes idades (antigos, intermediários e novos) e três áreas úmidas naturais temporárias. Cada área foi amostrada quatro vezes ao longo do ciclo de cultivo (resteva, crescimento inicial, crescimento final e pós-colheita). Nossos resultados indicaram que a riqueza e a biomassa média de macrófitas foram similares entre os arrozais de diferentes idades e menor do que nas áreas úmidas naturais. Embora a composição de espécies nos arrozais de diferentes idades não tenha sido marcadamente diferente, houve aninhamento nos arrozais e este aumentou com tempo de cultivo do arrozal. Neste estudo, nós verificamos que a riqueza e biomassa de macrófitas nos arrozais eram menores que nas áreas úmidas naturais e a composição de espécies era diferente entre os tipos de áreas úmidas (arrozais e áreas úmidas naturais), entretanto nossa hipótese de que a riqueza e a biomassa de macrófitas diminuiriam com a idade do cultivo não foi confirmada. Todos os arrozais foram similares quanto à estrutura da assembleia de macrófitas (riqueza, biomassa e composição de espécies). No entanto, a outra hipótese testada foi confirmada, a assembleia de macrófitas dos arrozais é um subconjunto das áreas úmidas naturais e, conforme aumenta a idade do arrozal, as espécies que ocorrem nos arrozais mais antigos são subconjuntos das espécies que ocorrem nos mais jovens.

4.
Pediatr. día ; 8(1): 40-3, mar.-abr. 1992. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-115882
5.
Rev. invest. clín ; 37(2): 131-4, abr.-jun. 1985. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-2493

ABSTRACT

La evaluación citogenética de 334 individuos (incluyendo 144 parejas) con abortos repetidos y/o pérdidas gestacionales diversas demostró una aberración cromosómica en 15 de los individuos (4.49%) y en 14 de las parejas (9.72%). La comparación de la frecuencia de anormalidades en individuos que no habían procreado hijos normales contra aquélla de los que sí lo habían hecho (5.62% vs. 1.18%) reveló una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0.02). Estos datos apoyan la conveniencia de efectuar estudios citogenéticos parentales en la investigación etiológica de pérdidas gestacionales, particularmente cuando no ha habido descendencia normal. Tanto los resultados obtenidos como el tipo de anormalidades observadas (8 translocaciones recíprocas, 2 translocaciones Robertsonianas, 2 mosaicos para el cromosoma X, 1 inversión pericéntrica, 1 sitio frágil y 1 anillo no identificado en mosaico) fueron similares a los obtenidos por otros autores


Subject(s)
Abortion, Missed/etiology , Abortion, Spontaneous/etiology , Chromosome Aberrations , Genetic Counseling
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